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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Cancer Lett2026;218798.August 27, 2026Journal Article

Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prognostic Biomarker, Immunotherapy Predictor, and Emerging Therapeutic Target.

Mehriban Bazar1, Ye Tian2, Haijing Luan1, Lin Zhang3, Qian Lu4, Liang Wang1, Xiaojuan Wang5, Jiahong Dong6
1Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China.
2Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation and Bionic Manufacturing, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China.
3Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 102218 Beijing, China.
4Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation and Bionic Manufacturing, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 102218 Beijing, China.
5Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation and Bionic Manufacturing, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 102218 Beijing, China. Electronic address: wxj0250@163.com.
6Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology (Ministry of Education), School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Institute for Organ Transplant and Bionic Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation and Bionic Manufacturing, Tsinghua University, 102218 Beijing, China; Research Unit of Precision Hepatobiliary Surgery Paradigm, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 102218 Beijing, China. Electronic address: dongjiahong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.
PubMed DOI

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with many patients presenting with advanced disease that does not respond to standard treatments. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved outcomes, their effectiveness is limited in immunologically "cold" tumors, highlighting the urgent need to elucidate the complexity of the tumor immune m…

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