Peer-Reviewed Publication
NPJ Digit Med2026May 25, 2026Journal Article
The menstrual cycle through the lens of a wearable device: insights into physiology, sleep, and cycle variability.
Alexander Gonzalez1, Johanna J O'Day2, Sarah C Johnson3, Jeongeun Kim4, Summer R Jasinski4, Kristen E Holmes4, Scott L Delp3,5, Jennifer L Hicks3,5
1Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. alex.gonzalez@stanford.edu.
2Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. odayj@stanford.edu.
3Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
4WHOOP Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
5Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Abstract
Women on average have 450 menstrual cycles in a lifetime, but we lack a characterization of physiological biometrics across the cycle and lifespan. We analyzed 1.2 million days of data from 2596 women who logged 42,759 menstrual cycles and wore a device that collected sleep and biometric data including resting heart rate (RHR), heart rate variability, respiratory rate, skin temperature, and blood…
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