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Peer-Reviewed Publication
World Neurosurg2026;212125064.May 20, 2026Journal Article

Lateral Thinking: A Historical Analysis of the Evolution of the Far Lateral Approach and Associated Bony Resection Strategies.

Kivanc Yangi1, Kashif Qureshi1, Egemen Gok1, Doga D Demir Yangi1, Arturo Luna Arroyo1, Laligam N Sekhar2, Roberto C Heros3, Robert F Spetzler1, T Forcht Dagi4, Mark C Preul5
1The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
3Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
4Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
5The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Electronic address: neuropub@barrowneuro.org.
PubMed DOI

Abstract

The anterior foramen magnum and craniovertebral junction region is surgically demanding because of its complex osseous and neurovascular architecture. Traditional midline posterior and transoral approaches are associated with significant morbidity, prompting the search for safer lateral corridors. The origins of the far lateral approach (FLA) date to 1972, when William Hammon and Ludwig Kempe desc…

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