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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Diabetologia2026September 28, 2026Journal Article

Insulin resistance in the 21st century: new takes on an old problem-2025 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.

Amalia Gastaldelli1, Eunhee Choi2, Karin Conde-Knape3, Olga Göransson4, Anna Krook5, Sanna Lehtonen6,7, Michael Roden8,9,10, Patrick Schrauwen9,10,11, Lauren M Sparks12, Martin Heni13,14
1Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pisa, Italy. amalia.gastaldelli@cnr.it.
2Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
3Valo Health, Boston, MA, USA.
4Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
5Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
6Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
7Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
8Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
9Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
10German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg, Germany.
11Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
12Translational Research Institute, Advent Health, Orlando, FL, USA.
13Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
14Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
PubMed DOI

Abstract

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes and several other metabolic diseases. However, efforts to improve insulin resistance are hindered by the biological complexity inherent to insulin action, as well as conceptual and methodological limitations to date. In September 2025, the editors of Diabetes, Diabetes Care and Diabetologia convened an Expert Forum in advance of the 61st Annual M…

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