Peer-Reviewed Publication
Nature2026September 16, 2026Journal Article

Rapid patient-specific neural networks for X-ray to volume registration.

Vivek Gopalakrishnan1,2,3, David-Dimitris Chlorogiannis4, Andrew Abumoussa5, Anna M Larson6,7, Nazim Haouchine4, Darren B Orbach7, Sarah Frisken4, Neel Dey8,9,10, Polina Golland11,12
1Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. vivekg@csail.mit.edu.
2Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. vivekg@csail.mit.edu.
3Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. vivekg@csail.mit.edu.
4Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
5Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA.
6Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
7Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
8Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. dey@csail.mit.edu.
9Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dey@csail.mit.edu.
10Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. dey@csail.mit.edu.
11Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. polina@csail.mit.edu.
12Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. polina@csail.mit.edu.

Abstract

Advanced navigation techniques in image-guided interventions and surgical robotics require the rapid and precise alignment of three-dimensional (3D) preoperative volumes (such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to two-dimensional (2D) intraoperative images (such as X-ray fluoroscopy)1,2. However, existing 2D/3D registration methods fail to generalize across the broad spectrum o…

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