Peer-Reviewed Publication
Nat Med2026August 19, 2026Journal Article
Large-scale AI-guided liver malignancy diagnosis: multicenter study and a single-arm trial.
Xiaoming Zhang1,2,3,4, Chunli Li1, Xu Han5, Xiaoli Yin1, Chaoya Zhang6, Jian Zhou7,8, Kai Cao9, Qi Liu10, Yang Hong1, Yingshan Gao1, Beilei Cui11, Qianqian Zhang12, Jianyi Qiao1, Ming Sun1, Wei Liu2,13, Yuan Gao2,13, Shiling Zhong14, Ruobing Bai1, Tianan Jiang15, Olivier Humbert16,17, Sébastien Ourselin18, Maria A Zuluaga19,20, Ke Yan21,22, Qi Zhang23, Yang Hou24, Tingbo Liang25, Ling Zhang26, Yu Shi27,28
1Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
2DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China.
3EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France.
4Faculty of Science and Engineering, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
5Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
6Department of Radiology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
7State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
8South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
9Department of Radiology, Shanghai Institution of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai, China.
10Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China.
11Department of Electrical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
12Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China.
13Hupan Laboratory, Hangzhou, China.
14Department of Radiology, Chengdu Sixth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
15Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
16Université Côte D'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, iBV, Nice, France.
17Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France.
18School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. sebastien.ourselin@kcl.ac.uk.
19EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France. maria.zuluaga@eurecom.fr.
20School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. maria.zuluaga@eurecom.fr.
21DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China. yanke.yan@alibaba-inc.com.
22Hupan Laboratory, Hangzhou, China. yanke.yan@alibaba-inc.com.
23Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. qi.zhang@zju.edu.cn.
24Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. houy2@sj-hospital.org.
25Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. liangtingbo@zju.edu.cn.
26DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Washington DC, USA. ling.z@alibaba-inc.com.
27Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. 18940259980@163.com.
28Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. 18940259980@163.com.
Abstract
Liver malignancies are frequently evaluated on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT), but missed or delayed diagnoses remain a clinically important challenge in high-volume, real-world radiology workflows, highlighting the need for scalable diagnostic safety net approaches. To address this, we developed the Liver DiagnOsis Network (LiON), a CE-CT-based artificial intelligence (AI) system t…
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