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Peer-Reviewed Publication
NPJ Drug Discov2026;3(1)August 14, 2026Journal Article

On the generalization and usability of cofolding models for GPCR drug discovery.

Lichirui Zhang1, Richard A Friesner2, Edward B Miller1, João P Glm Rodrigues3
1Schrödinger, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1540 Broadway, 24th Floor, NY 10036.
2Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, USA, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10036.
3Schrödinger, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1540 Broadway, 24th Floor, NY 10036. joao.rodrigues@schrodinger.com.

Abstract

The generalizability of co-folding models for protein-ligand structure prediction remains unclear. Here, we benchmark Boltz, a state-of-the-art co-folding model, using a curated set of ligand-bound human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from families unseen during training. We show that while Boltz generally predicts receptor backbones accurately, ligand poses can contain significant errors tha…

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