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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Vet Pathol2026;3009858261457959.June 30, 2026Journal Article

Data set creation for supervised deep learning-based analysis of microscopic images: Review of important considerations and recommendations.

Christof A Bertram1, Viktoria Weiss1, Jonas Ammeling2, F Maria Schabel1, Taryn A Donovan3, Frauke Wilm4,5, Christian Marzahl6, Katharina Breininger7, Marc Aubreville8
1University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
2Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Ingolstadt, Germany.
3The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY.
4Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
5Mira Vision Microscopy GmbH, Göppingen, Germany.
6Gestalt Diagnostics, Spokane, WA.
7Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
8Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg, Germany.

Abstract

Supervised deep learning (DL) receives great interest for automated analysis of microscopic images with an increasing body of literature supporting its potential. The development and testing of those DL models rely heavily on the availability of high-quality, large-scale data sets. However, creating such data sets is a complex and resource-intensive process, often hindered by challenges such as ti…

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