Peer-Reviewed Publication
Lancet Reg Health Am2026;61101534.September 1, 2026Journal Article
Persistent behavioral, biological, and physiological sequelae in active-duty treatment-seeking U.S. special operations forces personnel: a cross-sectional study.
Shane W Adams1,2, B Christopher Frueh3, Jerome Sabangan1,2, Carey A Pawlowski1, Robert C Oh1,4, Cameron P Pugach5,6, QiLiang Chen1,7, Odette A Harris1,2
1Polytrauma System of Care, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
2Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
3Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii - Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA.
4Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
5Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
6Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
7Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The breadth and constellation of sequelae in U.S. special operations forces (SOF) are underrepresented in the literature, especially following multiple traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), musculoskeletal injuries, and chronic stress. This study used multimodal markers of behavioral, biological, and physiological symptoms to evaluate 1) the breadth of sequelae experienced in this populatio…
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