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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Vaccine2026;88128843.June 16, 2026Journal Article

Behavioural and social drivers of HPV vaccine uptake in Tonga: a mixed-methods study using the WHO BeSD framework and Talanoa in a Pacific Island setting.

Mohammad Alamgir1, Johary Randimbivololona2, Patelisio N Patelisio3, Ofa Tukia4, Seini Toumoua Fifita5, Sione Tukia Kafoa6, Erma Manoncourt7
1Social & Behaviour Change Specialist, UNICEF Pacific, UN Joint Presence Office, Royko Building, Fatafehi Road, Nuku'alofa, Tonga.. Electronic address: moalamgir@unicef.org.
2Social & Behaviour Change Manager, UNICEF Pacific, FDB Building, 360 Victoria Parade, Suva, Fiji.. Electronic address: jrandimbivololona@unicef.org.
3Head, Health Promotion Unit, Ministry of Health, Vaiola Hospital, Taufa'ahau Road, Nuku'alofa, Tonga.. Electronic address: ppatelisio@health.gov.to.
4Chief Medical Officer-Public Health. Ministry of Health. Vaiola Hospital, Taufa'ahau Road, Nuku'alofa, Tonga.. Electronic address: otukia@health.gov.to.
5Head, School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Tonga National University, Fatafehi Road, Pahu, Nuku'alofa, Tonga.. Electronic address: seini.fifita@tnu.edu.to.
6Lecturer, School of Nursing & Health Sciences, Tonga National University, Fatafehi Road, Pahu, Nuku'alofa, Tonga.. Electronic address: sione.kafoa@tnu.edu.to.
7Adjunct Faculty (retired), Sciences Po Paris School of International Affairs; Senior Guest Lecturer, New York University School of Global Public Health, United States.. Electronic address: erma.manoncourt@sciencespo.fr.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Small Pacific Island nations sustain a disproportionate cervical cancer burden. Despite an excellent routine immunization program, HPV vaccine coverage in Tonga remains consistently low after a decade of programming. We used the WHO Behavioural and Social Drivers (BeSD) framework to identify drivers of HPV vaccine uptake among caregivers and to examine the underlying contextual mechani…

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