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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Sleep Med Rev2026;89102323.June 15, 2026Journal Article

What do we know about the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in women? A review of the evidence.

Jonna L Morris1, Lynn M Baniak2, Fatemeh Asadollah3, Christopher C Imes3, Staci Orbell4, Pinar Garbioglu3, Paul W Scott5, Alison Wimms6, Faith S Luyster2
1School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: jlm356@pitt.edu.
2School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
3School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
4Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
5University of Pittsburgh, USA.
6ResMed Science Centre, Sydney, Australia.
PubMed PMC DOI PDF

Abstract

The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) is the most widely used subjective measure of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), yet its psychometric validity across sexes has not been systematically evaluated. This narrative review examined published studies assessing sex differences in the psychometric properties of the ESS and evaluated whether sufficient evidence supports its validity for use in women. Of…

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