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Peer-Reviewed Publication
J Craniomaxillofac Surg2026;54(9):104618.June 17, 2026Journal Article

Engagement is not encoding: Outcome alignment determines the effectiveness of mixed reality in medical education.

Nadia Karnatz1, David Kaffka2, Angela Rosa Caso3, Michael Schwerter4, Shufang Liu5, Raymond Wong6, Aida Parviz7, Majeed Rana8
1Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Mutterhaus der Borromäerinnen, Feldstraße 16, Trier, 54290, Germany. Electronic address: nadia.karnatz@mutterhaus.de.
2Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; CASA DENTAL GbR, Ahrstraße 37, Wesseling, 50389, Germany. Electronic address: david.kaffka@hhu.de.
3Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert Einstein University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany. Electronic address: angelarosacaso@gmail.com.
4Brainlab AG, Olof-Palme-Str. 9, München, 81829, Germany; KIOTERA GmbH, Speditionsstraße 15a, Düsseldorf, 40221, Germany. Electronic address: m.schwerter@kiotera.de.
5Brainlab AG, Olof-Palme-Str. 9, München, 81829, Germany; Miltenyi Biotec, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 68, Bergisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany. Electronic address: shufangl@miltenyi.com.
6Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University Singapore, 9, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119085, Singapore. Electronic address: raginwcw@yahoo.com.
7Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios St. Josefshospital Uerdingen, Kurfürstenstraße 69, Krefeld, 47829, Germany. Electronic address: aida.parviz@helios-gesundheit.de.
8Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert Einstein University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University Singapore, 9, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119085, Singapore; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119085, Singapore. Electronic address: majeed.rana@uni-ulm.de.
PubMed DOI

Abstract

Mixed Reality (MR) technologies are increasingly discussed as a resource-efficient option to support high-quality teaching in medical education. Yet the literature is still dominated by feasibility studies and systematic reviews; controlled comparative studies remain less common. The study aimed to assess whether mixed reality provides a learning benefit in a single, time-limited teaching session…

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