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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Risk Anal2026;46(7):e70288.July 1, 2026Journal Article

How Hazards Turn Into Disasters: Perspectives of Emergency Responders.

Arkaprabha Bhattacharyya1, Nazli Yonca Aydin2, Tina Comes3
1Resilience Lab, Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands.
2Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands.
3Decision Theory & ICT, Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands.

Abstract

Natural hazards like floods, storms, or earthquakes turn into disasters if they hit vulnerable communities and societies. In policy and academia, this understanding has led to a surge of models and risk reduction policies that aim to reduce vulnerability and strengthen resilience. However, it remains unclear which vulnerabilities are the most important, and what stakeholders in different contexts…

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