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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Nat Commun2026;17(1)May 13, 2026Journal Article

Transient tertiary structure in intrinsically disordered proteins revealed by multithermal enhanced sampling.

Julian O Streit1,2, Michele Invernizzi3, Sandro Bottaro3, Kamil Tamiola3, Kresten Lindorff-Larsen4
1Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
2Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK.
3Peptone Switzerland AG, Bellinzona, CH, Switzerland.
4Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark. lindorff@bio.ku.dk.

Abstract

Intrinsically disordered proteins populate heterogeneous conformational ensembles that are challenging to characterise. While all-atom molecular dynamics simulations can provide detailed insights into dynamic ensembles, achieving sufficient sampling remains difficult. Here, we show that On-the-fly Probability Enhanced Sampling (OPES) in the multithermal ensemble enables efficient generation of ato…

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