Peer-Reviewed Publication
Acta Biomater2026;217410-423.June 1, 2026Journal Article

Virtual fluorescent labeling of engineered vascular networks with embedded tracer particles.

Sarah Eldeen1, Michelle Lanterman2, Andres Felipe Guerrero Ramirez3, Peter D Chang4, Elliot L Botvinick5
1Department of Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA.
3Department of Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA.
4Department of Radiological Sciences and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA. Electronic address: changp6@hs.uci.edu.
5Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA; Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, USA; Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA. Electronic address: ebotvini@uci.edu.

Abstract

Functional microvascular networks in engineered tissues depend on coordinated endothelial-stromal interactions and evolving extracellular matrix (ECM) mechanics, yet fluorescent staining precludes longitudinal studies and is incompatible with repeated particle-based microrheology and traction force measurements. We develop a deep-learning virtual labeling approach that recovers nuclear, cytoskelet…

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