Peer-Reviewed Publication
J Am Coll Cardiol2026;87(21):2963-2977.June 2, 2026Journal Article
Comparative Cardiovascular Effectiveness of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Diabetes Mellitus.
Fan Bu1, Ruopeng Wu2, Anna Ostropolets3, Arya Aminorroaya4, Hsin Yi Chen5, Yi Chai6, Lovedeep Singh Dhingra4, Thomas Falconer5, Jason C Hsu7, Chungsoo Kim8, Wallis C Y Lau9, Kenneth K C Man9, Evan Minty10, Daniel R Morales11, Akihiko Nishimura12, Phyllis Thangraraj4, Mui Van Zandt13, Can Yin14, Rohan Khera15, George Hripcsak16, Marc A Suchard17
1Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
2Department of Mathematics, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
3Observational Health Data Analytics, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey, USA.
4Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Cardiovascular Data Science (CarDS) Lab, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
5Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
6Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen University Medical School, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
7International PhD Program in Biotech and Healthcare Management, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
8Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
9Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China; Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Medicines Optimisation Research and Education, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
10Faculty of Medicine, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
11Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
12Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
13Real World Solutions, IQVIA, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
14Real World Solutions, IQVIA, Shanghai, China.
15Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Cardiovascular Data Science (CarDS) Lab, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Section of Health Informatics, Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
16Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
17Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. Electronic address: msuchard@ucla.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) have established cardiovascular benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with similar class-level effectiveness found in previous studies. However, real-world comparative effectiveness assessments of individual agents remain limited.
OBJECTIVES: The goal of t…
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