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Seizure2026;137112-120.April 1, 2026Journal Article

New onset seizure etiologies and outcomes among adults with HIV in the era of broadly available antiretroviral therapies.

Gretchen L Birbeck1, Christopher M Bositis2, Ifunanya Ume-Ezeoke3, Brent A Johnson4, David R Bearden5, Omar K Siddiqi6, Igor J Koralnik7, Melissa A Elafros8, Harris A Gelbard9, Jason F Okulicz10, Lisa Kalungwana11, William H Theodore12, Musaku Mwenechanya13, Peggy Auinger14, Izukanji T Sikazwe15
1Chikankata Epilepsy Care Team, Chikankata Hospital, Mazabuka, Zambia; University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Rochester, Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: gretchen_birbeck@urmc.rochester.edu.
2University of California San Francisco, Family and Community Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: Chris.Bositis@UCSF.edu.
3University of Rochester, Department of Neurology, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: ifunanya@formation.bio.
4University of Rochester, Department of Biostatistics, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: brent_johnson@urmc.rochester.edu.
5University of Rochester, Department of Neurology, Rochester, NY, USA; University of Zambia, Department of Educational Psychology, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: david_bearden@urmc.rochester.edu.
6Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Global Neurology Program, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: osiddiqi@bidmc.harvard.edu.
7Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: igor.koralnik@northwestern.edu.
8University of Michigan, Department of Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: elafrome@med.umich.edu.
9University of Rochester, Department of Neurology, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: Harris_Gelbard@urmc.rochester.edu.
10San Antonio Military Medical Center, Infectious Diseases Service, HIV Medical Evaluation Unit, San Antonio, TX, USA. Electronic address: jason.f.okulicz.mil@mail.mil.
11University of Zambia, Department of Psychology, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: kalungwana.lisa@gmail.com.
12US National Institutes of Health, Epilepsy Section, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: theodorw@ninds.nih.gov.
13University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: mmusaku@gmail.com.
14University of Rochester, Center for Health and Technology, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: peggy.auinger@chet.rochester.edu.
15Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. Electronic address: isikazwe@gmail.com.
PubMed PMC DOI PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: In this era of widely available antiretroviral therapy (ART), information regarding new onset seizure, seizure recurrence and mortality is needed to guide clinical decision-making. METHODS: A rural, prospective, cohort study was conducted April 2016 to June 2019. Inclusion criteria were HIV positivity, age ≥ 18 years, and new onset seizure. Two-year seizure recurrence was the outcome.…

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