Peer-Reviewed Publication
J Diabetes Sci Technol2026;20(3):695-707.May 1, 2026Journal Article
Integrating the Glycemia Risk Index Into Clinical Practice and Research: A Consensus Report.
Guillermo E Umpierrez1, Viral N Shah2, Veronica Brady3,4, Mark A Clements5, Juan Espinoza6, Elizabeth Healey7, Michael A Kohn8, David M Maahs9, Ralph Oiknine10, Jane J Seley11, Steven P Weitzman12, David Kerr13, Halis K Akturk14, Grazia Aleppo15, Mohammed E Al-Sofiani16,17, Eda Cengiz18, Francis J Doyle19, Osagie Ebekozien20, Steven V Edelman21, Laya Ekhlaspour22, Guido Freckmann23,24, Lutz Heinemann25, Irl B Hirsch26, Victoria C Hsiao27, Sun H Kim28, Boris Kovatchev29, Rayhan A Lal30, Marcus Lind31,32,33, Julia K Mader34, Nestoras Mathioudakis16, Tracey McLaughlin35, Sultan A Meo36, Deborah A Osafehinti37, Moshe Phillip38,39, Priya Prahalad9, David Scheinker35, Michael P Snyder40, Jing Wang41, Jenise C Wong21, Eugene E Wright42, Mandy M Shao43, Agatha F Scheideman43, Ashley Y DuNova43, David C Klonoff44
1Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
3Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists, Chicago, IL, USA.
4Cizik School of Nursing, UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
5Glooko Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA.
6Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
7Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
8Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
9Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
10SweetSpot, St. Louis, MO, USA.
11Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
12Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
13Center for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
14Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
15Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
16Endocrinology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
17Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
18Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Diabetes Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
19School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
20American Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA.
21University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
22Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
23Arbeitsgemeinschaft Diabetes & Technologie der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft e.V. (AGDT), Ulm, Germany.
24Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
25Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.
26Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
27Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
28Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
29Center for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
30Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
31Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
32Department of Medicine, NU-Hospital Group, Trollhättan and Uddevalla, Sweden.
33Department of Medicine, Geriatrics and Emergency Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
34Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
35Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
36Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
37Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
38Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
39Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
40Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
41Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
42South Piedmont Area Health Education Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
43Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.
44Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center (Sutter Health), San Mateo, CA, USA.
Abstract
A panel of experts in the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data in the treatment of diabetes met in Burlingame, California on October 27, 2025 to discuss the utility of the glycemia risk index (GRI) for clinical care research and population health management. The GRI composite metric is a single number (on a 0-100 percentile scale-lower is better) based on an expert-determined weighting…
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