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Peer-Reviewed Publication
JSES Int2026;10(2):101613.March 1, 2026Journal Article

Level of competition influences overhead athletes' shoulder internal rotation range of motion in the side-lying position.

Cort J Cieminski1, Hugo Klaers1, Alisse Zignego2, Shannon Kelly3, Tatia Moller4, Michael Stelzmiller5
1Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN, USA.
2Evolent Health, Arlington, VA, USA.
3Sports and Physical Therapy, M Health Fairview Rehabilitation Services, St. Paul, MN, USA.
4Summit Orthopedics, Woodbury, MN, USA.
5Midwest Physical Therapy, Chippewa Falls, WI, USA.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A common impairment present in overhead athletes is decreased internal rotation (IR) range of motion (ROM). The supine position has typically been utilized for measuring IR ROM, but a side-lying position has demonstrated better reliability. There is, however, a paucity of reported values for this side-lying position in overhead athletes, as well as any impact on IR ROM across levels of…

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