1Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair, Suite 650, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
2Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA.
3Department of Medical Social Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA.
4Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA.
5Department of Anesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA.
6Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA.
7Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Studies, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA.
8Center for Healthcare Delivery Science and Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA.