Peer-Reviewed Publication
J Diabetes Sci Technol2026;20(3):609-619.May 1, 2026Journal Article
Research Code Sharing in Support of Gold Standard Science.
David C Klonoff1,2, Juan Espinoza3, Julia K Mader1,4, Lutz Heinemann1,5, Claudio Cobelli1,6, David Kerr1,7, Boris Kovatchev1,8, Bijan Najafi1,9, Priya Prahalad1,10, Yaguang Zheng1,11, Mandy M Shao12, Agatha F Scheideman12, Ashley Y DuNova12,13, Michael Kohn14, Guillermo E Umpierrez15, Tien Y Wong16,17,18, Aiman Abdel Malek19,20, Michael S D Agus21,22, David T Ahn23, Rawan AlSaad24, Mohammed E Al-Sofiani25,26, David Armstrong27,28,29,30,31, Mark A Arnold32, Yong Mong Bee33, B Wayne Bequette34, Riccardo Bellazzi35,36, Eda Cengiz37, J Geoffrey Chase38, Haipeng Chen39, Jake Y Chen40, Simon L Cichosz41, Ali Cinar42, Mark A Clements43, Kelly L Close44, Jorge Cuadros45,46, Ivan Contreras47, Gora Datta48,49, Ketan Dhatariya50, Francis J Doyle51, Andjela Drincic52, Andrea Facchinetti9, G Alexander Fleming53, Joshua Foreman45,54,55, Monica A L Gabbay56, Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna57, Elizabeth Healey21, Thanh D Hoang58, Peter G Jacobs59,60, Bernhard Kulzer61,62, Jeff La Belle63,64,65,66, Aaron Y Lee67, Cecilia S Lee67, Wei-An Lee68, Dorian Liepmann69, David Maahs14,70,71,72,73,74, Nestoras Mathioudakis26, Sultan A Meo75, Ahmed A Metwally76, Shivani Misra77, Viswanathan Mohan78,79, Sun-Joon Moon80, Helge Raeder81,82, Connie Rhee83,84, Eun-Jung Rhee80, David Scheinker1, Viral N Shah85, Bin Sheng86,87, Michael P Snyder12, Koji Sode88, Elias K Spanakis89, Jannet Svensson90,91, Nitin Vaswani92,93, Maryam Vareth94,95,96, Josep Vehi97, Amisha Wallia98, Kayo Waki99, Tao Wang12, Eric Williams100, Risa M Wolf101, Jenise C Wong102, Sewagegn Yeshiwas103, Mihail Zilbermint26,104,105, Shahid N Shah106
1Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Burlingame, CA, USA.
2Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center (Sutter Health), San Mateo, CA, USA.
3Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
4Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
5Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany.
6University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
7Center for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
8The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
9Center for Advanced Surgical and Interventional Technology (CASIT), Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
10Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
11NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA.
12Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.
13Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
14Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
15Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
16Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
17School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
18Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
19Thirdwayv Inc., Irvine, CA, USA.
20Apex Medical AI Inc., Irvine, CA, USA.
21Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
22Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
23Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, Newport Beach, CA, USA.
24Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
25Endocrinology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
26Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
27Surgery and Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
28USC Limb Preservation Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
29Southwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
30Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
31USC Center to Stream Healthcare in Place (C2SHiP), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
32Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
33Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
34Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
35Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
36Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy.
37University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
38Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bioengineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
39Department of Data Science, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA.
40Systems Pharmacology AI Research Center, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
41Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
42Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
43Glooko Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA.
44Close Concerns, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.
45EyePACS Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
46Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
47Department of Electrical, Electronic and Automatic Engineering, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
48Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
49CAL2CAL Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA.
50Endocrinology & Diabetes, NNUH, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.
51Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
52University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
53Kinexum, Harpers Ferry, WV, USA.
54Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
55Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
56Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
57Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
58Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
59Artificial Intelligence for Medical Systems Laboratory, Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
60Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
61Research Institute of the Diabetes Academy Bad Mergentheim (FIDAM), Bad Mergentheim, Germany.
62University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
63Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
64College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
65Co-Founder of WearHealth, INC, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
66Founder of Labellelabs, LLC, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
67John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
68Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
69Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
70Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
71Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
72Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA.
73International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, Berlin, Germany.
74Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
75Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
76Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA.
77Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
78Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (ICMR Collaborating Centre of Excellence), Chennai, India.
79Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre (IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care), Chennai, India.
80Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
81Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
82Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
83Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
84Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
85Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
86Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
87MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
88Lampe Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
89Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
90Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
91University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
92University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
93Node Health Foundation, Lewes, DE, USA.
94Berkeley Institute for Data Science, College of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
95The Center of Intelligent Imaging, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
96Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
97University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
98Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
99Department of Clinical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
100Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
101Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
102Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
103Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
104Division of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins Community Physicians, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
105Suburban Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
106Netspective Foundation, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Abstract
Sharing research code in an open access version-controlled repository offers significant benefits for both science as a whole and for individual researchers. In this article, we focus on this practice, which is fully aligned with the NIH's Gold Standard Science (GSS) program as well as FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) and TRUST (transparency, responsibility, user focus, sustain…
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