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Eur Urol Oncol2025December 30, 2025Journal Article

Multiregional Immune Profiling Reveals Prognostic Patterns in Bladder Cancer.

Nadia Jurczok1, Gabriel Dernbach2, Benedikt Ebner3, Henning Plage4, Mihnea P Dragomir5, Philipp Keyl6, Julika Ribbat-Idel7, Evelyn Ramberger8, Florian Roßner1, Alexander Quaas9, Guido Sauter10, Thorsten Schlomm4, Frederick Klauschen11, Christian Stief3, David Horst1, Gerald Bastian Schulz3, Marie-Lisa Eich12, Simon Schallenberg1
1Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
2Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Aignostics GmbH, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany.
3Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
4Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
5Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Berlin Partner Site, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
6Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
7Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Aignostics GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
8Aignostics GmbH, Berlin, Germany.
9Institute for General Pathology and Pathologic Anatomy, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
10Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
11Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Berlin Partner Site, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
12Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: marie-lisa.eich@charite.de.
PubMed DOI

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a biologically heterogeneous disease with variable prognosis after radical cystectomy. While conventional clinicopathological parameters offer limited prognostic value, growing evidence highlights the role of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME)-including immune cell composition and spatial architecture-as robust biomarkers for…

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