Peer-Reviewed Publication
Lancet Digit Health2025;7(12):100917.December 1, 2025Journal Article
Responsible adoption of multimodal artificial intelligence in health care: promises and challenges.
Ghazal Azarfar1, Sara Naimimohasses2, Sirisha Rambhatla3, Matthieu Komorowski4, Diana Ferro5, Peter R Lewis6, Darren Gates7, Nawar Shara8, Gregg M Gascon9, Anthony Chang10, Muhammad Mamdani11, Mamatha Bhat12,
1Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
2Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
3Management and Sciences Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
4Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
5Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Italy.
6Trustworthy AI Lab, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.
7Innovation Hub, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, England, UK.
8MedStar Health Research Institute, Georgetown University School-Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
9OhioHealth, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
10Heart Failure Program, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange County, CA, USA.
11Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Data Science and Advanced Analytics, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
12Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: mamatha.bhat@uhn.ca.
Abstract
Clinicians rely on various data modalities-such as patient history, clinical signs, imaging, and laboratory results-to improve decision making. Multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) systems are emerging as powerful tools to process these diverse data types; however, the clinical adoption of multimodal AI systems is challenging because of data heterogeneity and integration complexities. The 2024…
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