Peer-Reviewed Publication
Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci2025;34e59.December 12, 2025Journal Article
Diverging views between clinicians, service users, family caregivers and researchers on the classification of restrictive practices in mental health services.
Zelalem Belayneh1,2, Den-Ching A Lee1,3,4, Melissa Petrakis1,5, Deborah Aluh6,7, Justus Uchenna Onu8,9, Giles Newton-Howes10, Masters Kim11, Yoav Kohn12, Jacqueline Sin13, Marie-Hélène Goulet14,15, Tonje Lossius Husum16, Eleni Jelastopulu17, Maria Bakola17, Sau Fong Leung18, Kathleen De Cuyper19, Eimear Muir-Cochrane20, Yana Canteloupe21, Emer Diviney22, Lesley Barr23, Jim Ridley24, Didier Demassosso25, Terry P Haines1,3,4
1School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
2Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.
3Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
4National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Peninsula Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
5Mental Health Services, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
6Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
7Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria.
8Department of Mental Health, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
9Department of Training and Research, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.
10School of Philological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
11College of Health Professions, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
12School of Medicine, Jerusalem Mental Health Centre, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
13School of Health and Medical Sciences, City St George's, University of London, London, UK.
14Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
15Centre de recherche de l' Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
16Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
17Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Quality of Life, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
18School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
19LUCAS - Center for Care Research & Consultancy, KU Leuven, Belgium.
20College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.
21Adult Community and Rehabilitation Stream, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
22Self Help Addiction Resource Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
23Curtin School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
24Nursing and Governance, Greater Manchester Mental Health Trust, Prestwich, UK.
25Green Ribbon Health and Community Development Association (GriCoDa), Yaounde, Cameroon.
Abstract
AIMS: Efforts to reduce restrictive practices (RPs) in mental health care are growing internationally. Yet, inconsistent definitions and perspectives often challenge the consistent implementation and evaluation of reduction strategies. This study explored which scenarios different mental health stakeholders classify as RPs, examined the contextual factors influencing these classifications and comp…
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