Peer-Reviewed Publication
Int J Psychophysiol2026;220113306.February 1, 2026Journal Article

Neurophysiological differentiation of Boder's dyslexia subtypes using harmonised quantitative EEG cross-spectra.

Giuseppe A Chiarenza1, Valeria Peluso2, Min Li3, Ying Wang3, Tania Perez-Ramirez4, Leslie S Prichep5, Pedro Valdes-Sosa6, Rolando J Biscay7, Jorge Bosch-Bayard8
1Centro Internazionale Disturbi di Apprendimento, Attenzione, Iperattività, CIDAAI, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: gachiarenza@gmail.com.
2Centro Internazionale Disturbi di Apprendimento, Attenzione, Iperattività, CIDAAI, Milano, Italy.
3The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
4Cuban Neuroscience Center, La Habana, Cuba.
5Research & Development Department, BrainScope Company, Inc., Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
6The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Cuban Neuroscience Center, La Habana, Cuba.
7Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, Guanajuato, Mexico.
8Faculty of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany. Electronic address: oldgandalf@gmail.com.

Abstract

Developmental dyslexia is a heterogeneous disorder classically divided into distinct subtypes. Elena Boder's, 1973 model conceptualised reading and spelling as functions of distributed, interactive neural networks that require a dynamic interplay between visual-gestalt and analytic-auditory processes. Disruption of this interplay produces three main dyslexic subtypes-dysphonetic (DD), dyseidetic (…

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