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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Heart Rhythm2026;23(2):281-288.February 1, 2026Journal Article

Sex-specific electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in young athletes.

Samuel Montalvo1, Jason V Tso2, Jeffrey W Christle2, David Hadley3, Matthew Wheeler2, Marco Perez2, Jonathan Myers4, Euan Ashley2, Victor Froelicher5
1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Electronic address: smontal@stanford.edu.
2Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
3Cardiac Insight Inc, Seattle, Washington.
4Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Palo Alto VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, California.
5Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Cardiac Insight Inc, Seattle, Washington.
PubMed DOI

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy is a common electrocardiographic (ECG) finding in athletes, but existing amplitude-based criteria often generate false positives. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to reevaluate ECG criteria for screening athletes for left ventricular hypertrophy by considering QRS amplitude measurements and demographic factors, using data from an extensive digital…

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