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Peer-Reviewed Publication
NPJ Vaccines2025;10(1):54.March 20, 2025Journal Article

Endogenous viral elements constitute a complementary source of antigens for personalized cancer vaccines.

Christian Garde1, Michail A Pavlidis2, Pablo Garces2, Emma J Lange2, Sri H Ramarathinam3, Mateo Sokač4,5, Kirti Pandey3, Pouya Faridi6, Johanne Ahrenfeldt4,5, Shanzou Chung3, Stine Friis2, Daniela Kleine-Kohlbrecher2, Nicolai J Birkbak4,5, Jens V Kringelum2, Birgitte Rønø2, Anthony W Purcell3, Thomas Trolle2
1Evaxion Biotech A/S, Dr Neergaards Vej 5F, Hørsholm, Denmark. cg@evaxion.ai.
2Evaxion Biotech A/S, Dr Neergaards Vej 5F, Hørsholm, Denmark.
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
4Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
5Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
6Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.

Abstract

Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) largely leverage neoantigens arising from somatic mutations, limiting their application to patients with relatively high tumor mutational burden (TMB). This underscores the need for alternative antigens to design PCVs for low TMB cancers. To this end, we substantiate endogenous retroviral elements (EVEs) as tumor antigens through large-scale genomic analyses of…

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