Peer-Reviewed Publication
World J Mens Health2025;43(1):92-122.January 1, 2025Journal Article
Global Practice Patterns and Variations in the Medical and Surgical Management of Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Results of a World-Wide Survey, Guidelines and Expert Recommendations.
Amarnath Rambhatla1, Rupin Shah2, Imad Ziouziou3, Priyank Kothari4, Gianmaria Salvio5, Murat Gul6, Taha Hamoda7,8, Parviz Kavoussi9, Widi Atmoko10, Tuncay Toprak11, Ponco Birowo10, Edmund Ko12, Mohamed Arafa13,14,15, Ramy Abou Ghayda16, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan Karthikeyan17, Giorgio Ivan Russo18, Germar-Michael Pinggera19, Eric Chung20, Ahmed M Harraz21,22,23, Marlon Martinez24, Nguyen Ho Vinh Phuoc25, Nicholas Tadros26, Ramadan Saleh27, Missy Savira10, Giovanni M Colpi28, Wael Zohdy14, Edoardo Pescatori29, Hyun Jun Park30,31, Shinichiro Fukuhara32, Akira Tsujimura33, Cesar Rojas-Cruz34, Angelo Marino35, Siu King Mak36, Edouard Amar37, Wael Ibrahim38, Puneet Sindhwani39, Naif Alhathal40, Gian Maria Busetto41, Manaf Al Hashimi42,43, Ahmed El-Sakka44, Asci Ramazan45, Fotios Dimitriadis46, Massimiliano Timpano47, Davor Jezek48, Baris Altay49, Daniel Suslik Zylbersztejn50, Michael Yc Wong51, Du Geon Moon52, Christine Wyns53, Safar Gamidov54, Hamed Akhavizadegan55, Alessandro Franceschelli56, Kaan Aydos57, Nguyen Quang58,59, Shedeed Ashour14, Adel Al Dayel60, Mohammed S Al-Marhoon61, Sava Micic62, Saleh Binsaleh63, Alayman Hussein8, Haitham Elbardisi13,15, Taymour Mostafa14, Jonathan Ramsay64, Athanasios Zachariou65, Islam Fathy Soliman Abdelrahman14,66, Osvaldo Rajmil67, Arif Kalkanli68, Juan Manuel Corral Molina69, Kadir Bocu70, Gede Wirya Kusuma Duarsa71, Gökhan Çeker72, Ege Can Serefoglu73, Fahmi Bahar74, Nazim Gherabi75, Shinnosuke Kuroda76, Abderrazak Bouzouita77, Ahmet Gudeloglu78, Erman Ceyhan79, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed Hasan80, Muhammad Ujudud Musa81, Ahmad Motawi14, Chak-Lam Cho82, Hisanori Taniguchi83, Christopher Chee Kong Ho84, Jesus Fernando Solorzano Vazquez85, Shingai Mutambirwa86, Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor87, Marion Bendayan88,89, Carlo Giulioni90, Aykut Baser91, Marco Falcone47, Luca Boeri92, Gideon Blecher93,94, Alireza Kheradmand95, Tamilselvi Sethupathy96, Ricky Adriansjah97, Nima Narimani98, Charalampos Konstantinidis99, Tuan Thanh Nguyen100,101,102, Andrian Japari103, Parisa Dolati104, Keerti Singh105,106, Cevahir Ozer79, Selcuk Sarikaya107, Nadia Sheibak108,109, Ndagijimana Jean Bosco110, Mehmet Serkan Özkent111, Sang Thanh Le8,103, Ioannis Sokolakis112, Darren Katz113,114,115, Ryan Smith116, Manh Nguyen Truong104,117, Tan V Le25,118, Zhongwei Huang119, Muslim Dogan Deger120, Umut Arslan11, Gokhan Calik121, Giorgio Franco122, Ayman Rashed123, Oguzhan Kahraman79, Sotiris Andreadakis124, Rosadi Putra125, Giancarlo Balercia5, Kareim Khalafalla20,126, Rossella Cannarella18, Anh Đặng Tuấn127, Amr El Meliegy14, Birute Zilaitiene128, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora Ramirez129, Filippo Giacone130, Aldo E Calogero18, Konstantinos Makarounis131, Sunil Jindal132, Bac Nguyen Hoai133, Ravi Banthia134, Marcelo Rodriguez Peña135, Dharani Moorthy136, Aram Adamyan137, Deniz Kulaksiz138, Hussein Kandil139, Nikolaos Sofikitis65, Ciro Salzano140, Andreas Jungwirth141, Surendra Reddy Banka142, Tiago Cesar Mierzwa143, Tahsin Turunç144, Divyanu Jain145, Armen Avoyan138, Pietro Salacone146, Ateş Kadıoğlu147, Chirag Gupta148, Haocheng Lin149, Iman Shamohammadi150, Nasser Mogharabian151, Trenton Barrett152, Yavuz Onur Danacıoğlu153, Andrea Crafa18, Salima Daoud154, Vineet Malhotra155, Abdulmalik Almardawi156, Osama Mohamed Selim14, Mohamad Moussa157,158, Saeid Haghdani159, Mesut Berkan Duran160, Yannic Kunz19, Mirko Preto47, Elena Eugeni161,162, Thang Nguyen138, Ahmed Rashad Elshahid123, Seso Sulijaya Suyono163, Dyandra Parikesit164, Essam Nada27, Eduardo Gutiérrez Orozco165, Florence Boitrelle88,89, Nguyen Thi Minh Trang102, Mounir Jamali166, Raju Nair167, Mikhail Ruzaev168, Franco Gadda92, Charalampos Thomas99, Raphael Henrique Ferreira169, Umit Gul170, Serena Maruccia171, Ajay Kanbur172,173, Ella Kinzikeeva174, Saad Mohammed Abumelha156, Raghavender Kosgi175, Fatih Gokalp176, Mohammad Ayodhia Soebadi177, Gustavo Marquesine Paul178, Hesamoddin Sajadi179, Deepak Gupte180, Rafael F Ambar143, Emrullah Sogutdelen181, Karun Singla182, Ari Basukarno183, Shannon Hee Kyung Kim184, Mohammad Ali Sadighi Gilani179, Koichi Nagao185, Sakti Ronggowardhana Brodjonegoro186, Andri Rezano187,188, Mohamed Elkhouly189, Rossella Mazzilli190, Hasan M A Farsi7, Hung Nguyen Ba191, Hamed Alali184, Dimitrios Kafetzis192, Tran Quang Tien Long193, Sami Alsaid14, Hoang Bao Ngoc Cuong194, Knigavko Oleksandr195, Akhmad Mustafa97, Herik Acosta196, Hrishikesh Pai197, Bahadır Şahin198, Eko Arianto199, Colin Teo200, Sanjay Prakash Jayaprakash17, Rinaldo Indra Rachman10, Mustafa Gurkan Yenice153, Omar Sefrioui201, Shivam Priyadarshi202, Marko Tanic203, Noor Kareem Alfatlaw204, Fikri Rizaldi187, Ranjit B Vishwakarma2, George Kanakis205, Dinesh Thomas Cherian206, Joe Lee207, Raisa Galstyan208, Hakan Keskin80, Janan Wurzacher19, Doddy Hami Seno209, Bambang S Noegroho97, Ria Margiana199,210,211,212, Qaisar Javed213, Fabrizio Castiglioni214, Raman Tanwar215, Ana Puigvert87,216, Coşkun Kaya217, Medianto Purnomo218, Chadi Yazbeck219, Azwar Amir220, Edson Borges221, Marina Bellavia28, Isaac Ardianson Deswanto10, Vinod Kv222, Giovanni Liguori223, Dang Hoang Minh59, Kashif Siddiqi224, Fulvio Colombo29, Armand Zini225, Niket Patel226, Selahittin Çayan227, Ula Al-Kawaz228, Maged Ragab229, Guadalupe Hernández Hebrard230, Jean de la Rosette121, Ozan Efesoy229, Ivan Hoffmann231,232, Thiago Afonso Teixeira233,234,235, Barış Saylam227, Daniela Delgadillo85, Ashok Agarwal236,
1Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
2Division of Andrology, Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
3Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco.
4Department of Urology, Topiwala National Medical College, B.Y.L Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India.
5Department of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
6Department of Urology, Selçuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
7Department of Urology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
8Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
9Department of Reproductive Urology, Austin Fertility & Reproductive Medicine/Westlake IVF, Austin, TX, USA.
10Department of Urology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
11Department of Urology, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
12Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
13Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
14Department of Andrology, Sexology and STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
15Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
16Urology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
17Andrology Unit, Department of Urology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India.
18Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
19Department of Urology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
20Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
21Department of Urology, Mansoura University Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt.
22Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, Farwaniya Hospital, Farwaniya, Kuwait.
23Department of Urology, Sabah Al Ahmad Urology Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
24Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
25Department of Andrology, Binh Dan Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
26Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
27Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
28Andrology and IVF Center, Next Fertility Procrea, Lugano, Switzerland.
29Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Unit, Next Fertility GynePro, Bologna, Italy.
30Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
31Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
32Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
33Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
34Department of Urology, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
35Reproductive Medicine Unit, ANDROS Day Surgery Clinic, Palermo, Italy.
36Department of Surgery, Union Hospital Reproductive Medicine Centre (Tsim Sha Tsui), Kowloon, China.
37Department of Urology, American Hospital of Paris, Paris, France.
38Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Care Center in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.
39Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
40Department of Urology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
41Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
42Department of Urology, Burjeel Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
43Department of Urology, Khalifa University College of Medicine and Health Science, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
44Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
4545Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
461st Urology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
47Department of Urology, Molinette Hospital, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
48Department for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, Reproductive Tissue Bank, University Hospital Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
49Department of Urology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Turkey.
50Department of Surgery, Discipline of Urology, Fleury Group and Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
51Department of Andrology, International Urology, Fertility and Gynecology Centre, Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore.
52Department of Urology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
53Department of Gynaecology-Andrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
54V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
55Department of Urology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
56Andrology Unit, University Hospital S. Orsola, Bologna, Italy.
57Department of Urology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
58Center for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
59Department of Urology, Andrology and Sexual Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
60Men's Health Clinic Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
61Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
62Department of Andrology, Uromedica Polyclinic, Belgrade, Serbia.
63Division of Urology, Deparment of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
64Department of Andrology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
65Department of Urology, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
66Department of Andrology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
67Department of Andrology, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain.
68Department of Urology, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
69Department of Urology, Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
70Urology Department, Niğde Omer Halis Demir University, Faculty of Medicine, Sirnak, Turkey.
71Department of Urology, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
72Department of Urology, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
73Department of Urology, Biruni University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
74Andrology Section, Siloam Sriwijaya Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia.
75Department of Medicine, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria.
76Department of Urology, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
77Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty Tunis Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
78Department of Urology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
79Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.
80Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
81Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Center, Katsina State, Nigeria.
82Department of Surgery, S. H. Ho Urology Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
83Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
84Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
85IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico.
86Department of Urology, Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Medunsa, South Africa.
87Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF Unit, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey.
88Department of Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France.
89Department of Biology, Reproduction, Epigenetics, Environment and Development, Paris Saclay University, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
90Department of Urology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
91Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Balıkesir, Turkey.
92Department of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
93Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
94Department of Urology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
95Department of Urology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
96Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CK Medical Centre Hospital, Erode, India.
97Department of Urology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.
98Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
99Urology and Neuro-Urology Unit, National Rehabilitation Center, Athens, Greece.
100Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
101Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
102Department of Urology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
103Department of Urology, Fertility Clinic, Telogorejo Hospital, Central Java, Indonesia.
104Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran.
105Department of Preclinical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados.
106Windsor Medical Centre, Bridgetown, Barbados.
107Department of Urology, Gulhane Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
108Department of Anatomical Sciences, Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
109Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
110Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
111Department of Urology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
112Department of Urology, Martha-Maria Hospital Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany.
113Men's Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
114Department of Surgery, Western Precinct, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
115Department of Urology, Western Health, Victoria, Australia.
116Department of Urology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
117Fertility Centre, Hanh Phuc International Hospital, Binh Duong, Vietnam.
118Department of Urology and Andrology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
119Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health Systems, Singapore.
120Department of Urology, Edirne Sultan 1st Murat State Hospital, Edirne, Turkey.
121Department of Urology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
122Department of Urology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
123123Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, 6th of October University, Giza, Egypt.
124Private Practice, Thessaloniki, Greece.
125Department of Urology, RSUD Ciawi Regional General Hospital, West Java, Indonesia.
126Department of Urology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
127Tam Anh IVF Center, Tam Anh General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
128Institute of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
129Reproductive Medicine Unit, Español Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico.
130HERA Center, Unit of Reproductive Medicine, Sant'Agata Li Battiati, Catania, Italy.
131Department of Urology and Andrology, Locus Medicus, Athens, Greece.
132Department of Andrology & Reproductive Medicine, Jindal Hospital & Fertility Center, Meerut, India.
133Department of Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
134Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
135Institute of Gynecology and Fertility (IFER), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
136IVF Department, Swarupa Fertility & IVF Centre, Vijayawada, India.
137Department of Urology, Astghik Medical Center, Yerevan, Armenia.
138Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Trabzon, Turkey.
139Fakih IVF Fertility Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
140PO San Giovanni Bosco, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Napoli, Italy.
141St. Barabara Private Clinic, Bad Vigaun, Austria.
142Department of Andrology, Androcare Institute of Andrology and Men's Health, Hyderabad, India.
143Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.
144Urology Clinic, Iskenderun Gelisim Hospital, Iskenderun, Turkey.
145Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jaipur Golden Hospital, New Delhi, India.
146Andrology and Pathophysiology of Reproduction Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy.
147Section of Andrology, Department of Urology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
148Department of Urology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India.
149Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
150Department of Urology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
151Sexual Health and Fertility Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
152Perth Urology Clinic, Perth, WA, Australia.
153Department of Urology, University of Health Science, Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
154Laboratory of Histo-Embryology and Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
155Department of Urology and Andrology, VNA Hospital, New Delhi, India.
156Department of Urology, Prince Sultan Millitary Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
157Department of Urology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
158Department of Urology, Al Zahraa Hospital, UMC, Beirut, Lebanon.
159Andrology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center, Isfahan, Iran.
160Department of Urology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey.
161Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
162Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Division of Medical Andrology and Endocrinology of Reproduction, University of Terni, Terni, Italy.
163Gladiool IVF, Magelang, Indonesia.
164Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia.
165IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
166Department of Urology, Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat, Morocco.
167Department of Reproductive Medicine, Mitera Hospital, Kottayam, India.
168Urology Clinic, Moscow, Russia.
169Department of Urology, Santa Casa de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
170Private EPC Hospital, Adana, Turkey.
171Department of Urology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy.
172Department of Andrology, Kanbur Clinic, Thane, India.
173Department of Urosurgery, Jupiter Hospital, Thane, India.
174Andrology Unit, Zucchi Clinical Institutes, Monza, Italy.
175Department of Andrology and Men's Health, Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.
176Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey.
177Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
178Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
179Department of Urology, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India.
180Department of Urology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
181Urology Department, Clarity Health, Chandigarh, India.
182Department of Urology, Dr. Dradjat Hospital, Serang, Indonesia.
183IVF Australia, Sydney, Australia.
184Department of Urology, Macquarie University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sydney, Australia.
185Department of Urology, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
186Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Prof. Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
187Andrology Study Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
188Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia.
189IVF Department, Bourn Hall Fertility Center, Dubai, UAE.
190Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
191Andrology Unit, ART Center, Vinmec Times City International Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
192Orchid IVF Clinic, Dubai, UAE.
193Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
194Department of Surgery, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam.
195Department of Urology, Nephrology and Andrology Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
196Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan.
197IVF Department, Bloom IVF Group, Mombai, India.
198Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
199Department of Urology, Prof R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, Indonesia.
200Department of Urology, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore.
201African Fertility Center, Casablanca, Morocco.
202Department of Urology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
203Department of Urology, General Hospital, Cuprija, Serbia.
204Fertility Center of Al-Najaf, Al-Sadr Medical City, Babylon Health Directorate, Iraqi Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq.
205Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Athens Naval & VA Hospital, Athens, Greece.
206Urology Department, Aster Medcity, Kochi, India.
207Department of Urology, National University Hospital, Singapore.
208Department of Urology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.
209Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Persahabatan General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
210Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
211Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
212Urology Unit, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
213Department of Urology, Al-Ahlia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
214Andrology Unit, ART Center - San Carlo Clinic, Milan, Italy.
215Urology Center, Jyoti Hospital, Gurugram, India.
216Institute of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (IANDROMS), Barcelona, Spain.
217Department of Urology, Health Science University Eskisehir City HPRH, Eskisehir, Turkey.
218Department of Urology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
219Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Reprogynes Medical Institute, Paris, France.
220Department of Urology, Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia.
221IVF Department, Fertility Assisted Fertilization Center, São Paulo, Brazil.
222Department of Urology, Cure & SK Hospital, Trivandrum, India.
223Department of Urology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
224Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
225Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
226Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute, Anand, Gujarat, India.
227Department of Urology, University of Mersin School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey.
228High Institute for Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
229Department of Andrology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
230IVF Department, CITMER Reproductive Medicine, Puebla, Mexico.
231Department of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Clinic Halle (Saale), Halle, Germany.
232Reproductive Center Dr. Hoffmann, Berlin, Germany.
233Division of Urology, University Hospital, Federal University of Amapa, Macapá, Brazil.
234Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
235Androscience-Science and Innovation Center and High Complexity Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo, Brazil.
236Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA. agarwaa32099@outlook.com.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medical and surgical management for patients with NOA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 56-question online survey…
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