Peer-Reviewed Publication
Eur J Neurosci2026;64(8):e70701.October 1, 2026Journal Article
The FOG-COA Protocol: Validation of Freezing of Gait Clinical Outcomes Assessments in Parkinson's Disease.
Erika E Howe1, Pieter Ginis2,3, Kaylena A Ehgoetz Martens1, Moran Gilat3, Martina Mancini4, J Lucas Mckay5, Jorik Nonnekes6, Jennifer Mammen7, Jamie L Adams8, David Cella9, Alice Nieuwboer3, Fay Horak4, Simon J G Lewis10, Jeffrey M Hausdorff11,12,13
1Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
2Clario, Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Leuven, Belgium.
3Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Neurorehabilitation Research Group (eNRGy), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
4Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
5Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
6Department of Rehabilitation, Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
7College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA.
8Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
9Departments of Medical Social Sciences, Psychiatry, and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
10Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
11Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky University Medical Center-Ichilov, Tel Aviv, Israel.
12Department of Physical Therapy, Gray Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
13Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Abstract
The development and evaluation of novel treatment options for freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease have been limited by an ambiguous definition and lack of standardized clinical outcome assessments (COAs) that 1) reliably assess FOG severity, 2) are responsive to change, and 3) capture patient-relevant impact. To address these gaps, working groups from the International Consortium on FOG…
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