Peer-Reviewed Publication
Radiology2026;321(1):e262081.October 1, 2026Journal Article
Artificial Intelligence for Prostate Cancer Detection and Screening on MRI in Global Populations: The SCARLET-1 Study.
Anindo Saha1,2, Joeran S Bosma1,3,4, Jasper J Twilt1,2, Alexander B C D Ng5,6, Aqua Asif5,6, Kirti Magudia7, Peder E Z Larson8, Qinglin Xie9, Xiaodong Zhang9, Chi Pham Minh10, Samuel N Gitau11, Ivo G Schoots4,12, Martijn F Boomsma13, Renato Cuocolo14, Nikolaos Papanikolaou15,16, Daniele Regge17, Hiten D Patel18, Derya Yakar4,19, Mattijs Elschot20,21, Jeroen Veltman22,23, Baris Turkbey24, Nancy A Obuchowski25, Jurgen J Fütterer2, Anwar R Padhani26, Nikhil Mayor27, Hashim U Ahmed27, Fredrik Jäderling28,29, Tobias Nordström30,31, Martin Eklund31, Veeru Kasivisvanathan5,6,32, Maarten de Rooij33, Henkjan Huisman1, ,
1Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
2Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Intervention Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
3Department of Health and Information Technology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands.
4Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
5Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
6Centre for Urology Imaging, Prostate, AI and Surgical Studies Research Group, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
7Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
8Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
9Department of Medical Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
10Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Center, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vi-etnam.
11Department of Radiology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
12Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
13Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands.
14Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.
15Computational Clinical Imaging Group, Centre for the Unknown, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
16Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom.
17Department of Radiology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
18Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
19Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
20Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trond-heim, Norway.
21Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trond-heim, Norway.
22Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Hengelo, the Netherlands.
23Department of Multi-Modality Medical Imaging, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
24Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
25Department of Quantitative Health Sciences and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland OH, United States.
26Paul Strickland Scanner Centre, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, London, United Kingdom.
27Imperial Prostate, Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
28Institute of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
29Department of Radiology, Capio Saint Göran's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
30Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
31Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
32Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
33Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Abstract
Background Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have demonstrated non-inferiority to radiologists for prostate cancer detection on MRI, but evidence in global diagnostic and population-based screening settings remains limited. Purpose To determine whether an AI system can achieve diagnostic performance comparable to radiology readings for detecting Gleason grade group ≥2 prostate cancer on MRI in…
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