Peer-Reviewed Publication
Neurosci Bull2026October 12, 2026Journal Article
Normative Modeling of Amygdala Subfields and Disease-Specific Vulnerabilities Across Neurological Disorders.
Chao Zhang1, Lu Bai1, Dongli Shi1, Wenling Li2, Liping Ai3, Feng Ao4, Yalin Bai5, Yutong Bai6, Haihua Bao7, Qing Cai8, Jiancang Cao9, Li Chai1, Feiyan Chen10, Feng Chen11, Kun Chen12, Yaojing Chen13, Dan Cheng14, James Cole15,16, Zaixu Cui17, Hui Dai18, Demao Deng19, Xiaozhou Du1, Yuhui Du20, Xujun Duan21, Ying Fu22,23, Zheqi Gao5, Lubin Gou24,25, Chunjie Guo26, Min Guo1, Ya Guo7, Xuemei Han27, Hongjian He10, Yang Hou28, Basheng Hu29, Jianping Hu30, Tiantian Hua1, Chuchung Huang8, Peiyu Huang31, Junqiang Lei24,25, Huijie Li32, Jianrui Li33, Junlin Li34, Kexuan Li35, Kuncheng Li36, Shaowu Li37, Xinyu Li38, Yang Li17, Yao Li39, Yongmei Li40, Yunfei Li41, Peipeng Liang42, Haiyan Liao43, Lifang Liao1, Bingjie Lin1, Ching-Po Lin44,45, Jun Liu46,47, Jungang Liu48, Weiqi Liu49, Ying Liu50, Shanshan Lu51, Jie Luo39, Yuqi Luo1, Su Lui52, Hailin Ma53, Ning Mao54, Lanxi Meng37, Linghui Meng55, Jun Qiu1,50, Juwei Shao56, Qin Shen43, Yulu Shi57, Zhenyu Shu35, Decai Tian57, Yiheng Tu32,58, Fei Wang11, Jiajia Wang1, Jinhui Wang59,60,61, Junkai Wang62, Wen Wang63, Xiaochun Wang64, Yilong Wang57, Yinshan Wang13, Yong Wang65, Zheng Wang66,67, Jinyuan Weng68, Feiyun Wu51, Ying Wu69, Yuankui Wu29, Haiyan Wu12, Xiaona Xia70, Cheng Xu38, Jiaheng Xu71, Jun Xu57, Rui Xu72, Ruimeng Yang73,74, Songtao Yin34, Xi Yin75, Yulong Yin76, Rongjun Yu77,78, Zhen Yuan12,79, Feifei Zhang64, Hailian Zhang80, Jianguo Zhang6, Ningnannan Zhang81, Renlong Zhang82, Tong Zhang71, Yaqin Zhang83, Zhiqiang Zhang33, Zhihua Zhang1,84, Jian Zhao55, Lianping Zhao9, Xiaohu Zhao41, Xinxiang Zhao3, Xin Zhao76, Xia Zhe85, Fuqing Zhou86, Jiajia Zhu87, Li Zhu2, Zhizheng Zhuo1,88, Guoguang Fan89, Yinfeng Qian90, Jingxuan Wang91, Yunyun Duan92,93, Yaou Liu94,95
1Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
2Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
3Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, China.
4Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
5Department of Radiology, Yuci Renmin Hospital, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
6Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
7Department of Medical Imaging Center, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China.
8School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
9Department of Radiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
10School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
11Department of Radiology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China.
12Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, SAR, China.
13State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
14Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
15Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
16Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
17Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
18Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
19Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
20School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
21The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
22Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
23Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
24Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University First Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
25Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Radiology Imaging, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
26Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
27Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, China.
28Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
29Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
30Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
31Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
32State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
33Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
34Department of Imaging Medicine, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, China.
35Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
36Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
37Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, 100050, China.
38Department of Imaging, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
39National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Magnetic Resonance Technologies for Diagnosis and Therapy, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
40Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
41Department of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
42School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
43Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
44Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, China.
45Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, 103212, China.
46Department of Radiology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China.
47Department of Radiology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, China.
48Department of Radiology, Xiamen Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen), Xiamen, 361006, China.
49Sophmind Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100080, China.
50Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, China.
51Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
52Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
53Xizang Autonomous Region Key Laboratory for High Altitude Brain Science and Environmental Acclimatization, Lhasa, 850000, China.
54Department of Radiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China.
55Department of Radiology, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
56The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
57Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
58Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
59Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
60Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (Ministry of Education), Guangzhou, 510631, China.
61Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
62Department of Radiology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China.
63Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
64Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
65Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
66School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
67School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya, 572022, China.
68Philips (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200233, China.
69School of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
70Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China.
71Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.
72Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.
73Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
74Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
75Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China.
76School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
77Life Science Imaging Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
78Department of Education and Psychology, Academy of Wellness and Human Development, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
79Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
80Department of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, 810007, China.
81Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
82Institute of Research and Clinical Innovations, Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China.
83Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
84Department of Neurosurgery, Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital (Tsinghua University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine), Beijing, 100049, China.
85Department of MRI, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China.
86Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
87Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
88China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China.
89Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China. fanguog@sina.com.
90Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. liangminqyf@sohu.com.
91Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. wangjingxuan@bjtth.org.
92Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. xiaoyun81.love@163.com.
93China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China. xiaoyun81.love@163.com.
94Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. liuyaou@bjtth.org.
95China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China. liuyaou@bjtth.org.
Abstract
As an integrative center of the limbic system, the amygdala and its subfields participate in diverse neural functions and demonstrate heterogeneous structural changes in various neurological disorders. In this study, three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI data from 22,258 healthy participants were analyzed using normative modeling to establish normative references for the volumes of the amygdala and it…
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