The Eye as a Window to Cardio-Kidney-Metabolic Disease.

Jung Tak Park^1,2, Yong Yu Tan^3,4, Ye Eun Ko^1,5, Sahil Thakur^6,7,8, Tyler Hyungtaek Rim^6,7,8, Young Su Joo^1,2,5

¹Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

²Yonsei Institute for Digital Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.

³University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.

⁴University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

⁵Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea.

⁶Mediwhale Inc, Seoul, South Korea.

⁷Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.

⁸Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore.

PubMed DOI

Abstract

The Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome reframes cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disease as an integrated continuum, yet its management relies on reactive laboratory markers with substantial resource burdens. Retinal oculomics offers a non-invasive window into this continuum, grounded in structural and functional parallels between the retina and kidney. Their shared vulnerability…

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