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Peer-Reviewed Publication
Eur Urol Oncol2026July 8, 2026Journal Article

MRI-based Response Assessment of Neoadjuvant Systemic Immunotherapy in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: An Analysis of Inter-radiologist Variability and Diagnostic Accuracy in three Prospective Clinical Trials.

Joyce Greidanus1, Margriet C van Dijk-de Haan2, Antonella Messina3, Giuseppina Calareso3, Annemarie Bruining2, Bram Westerink2, Ailin Dehghanpour4, Renaud Tissier5, Jeroen van Dorp6, Chantal F Stockem6, Christodoulos Pipinikas7, Laura S Mertens8, Henk G van der Poel9, Regina G H Beets-Tan10, Bas W G van Rhijn8, Patrizia Giannatempo11, Michiel S van der Heijden6, Stefano Trebeschi12, Thierry N Boellaard2
1Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Masstricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: joyce.greidanus@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
2Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
3Department of Radiology, Fondazione IRCSS istituto Nazionale tumori, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical oncology, Fondazione IRCSS istituto Nazionale tumori, Milan, Italy.
4Department of Radiology, Sapienza University of Romeh Biostatistics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute.
5Department of Urology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
6Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
7NeoGenomics Laboratories Inc.
8Department of Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
9Department of Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Urology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
10GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Masstricht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
11Department of Medical oncology, Fondazione IRCSS istituto Nazionale tumori, Milan, Italy.
12Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Masstricht, The Netherlands.
PubMed DOI

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: For patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), accurate assessment of neoadjuvant therapy response may allow for bladder-sparing strategies, emphasizing the need for accurate, noninvasive response assessment. Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has emerged as a promising imaging modality, but its reproducibility and diagnostic performance following neoadjuvant…

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