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Peer-Reviewed Publication
ESMO Open2026;11(7):108021.July 6, 2026Journal Article

Artificial intelligence-based prediction of claudin 18.2 expression and immune phenotype from routine histology to guide treatment decisions in patients with gastric cancer.

H-D Kim1, S Shin2, W Hwang2, J Shin3, T Lee2, J Hyung4, J Park2, S Pereira2, C-Y Ock2, A Puccini5, G Carloni6, Y S Park7, M-H Ryu8
1Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/HyungDonKim86.
2Lunit, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
3Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
4Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
5Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
6Lunit, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: gianluca.carloni@lunit.io.
7Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: youngspark@amc.seoul.kr.
8Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: miniryu@amc.seoul.kr.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: First-line treatment of gastric cancer is evolving with the integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted agents, complicating biomarker stratification. Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) is an established target for zolbetuximab; however, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is limited by tissue requirements, cost, and turnaround time. Artificial intelligence (AI) analysis of hematoxylin…

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