Peer-Reviewed Publication
Endocr Res2026;51(2):100-116.May 1, 2026Journal Article
Broad-Spectrum Effects of Carbohydrate Reduction on Inflammatory and Immune Mediators in Type 2 Diabetes.
Shaminie J Athinarayanan1, Stephen D Phinney2,3, Rebecca N Adams1, Jeff S Volek4, Debbie C Thurmond5, Amy L McKenzie6, Caroline G P Roberts1, Robert E Ratner2,7, Ronald M Krauss8, Vivian A Fonseca9
1Research Department, Virta Health, Denver, CO, USA.
2Research Department, The Ketogenic Foundation, Napa, CA, USA.
3School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, emeritus.
4Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
5Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, USA.
6Research Department, Abbott, Lingo Germany Gmbh, Wiesbaden, Germany.
7Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, USA.
8School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
9Department Endocrinology Metabolism & Diabetes, Tulane University School of Medicine, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the development and complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Nutritional ketosis improves glycemic control and weight, but its broader immunomodulatory effects are less well defined.
METHODS: In this post-hoc analysis, adults with T2D (n = 195) or prediabetes (n = 89) in a two-year continuous care intervention (CCI) with individualized carb…
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