Health AI Central
Peer-Reviewed Publication
J Pathol Clin Res2026;12(2):e70080.March 1, 2026Journal Article

Impact of tissue staining and scanner variation on the performance of pathology foundation models: a study of sarcomas and their mimics.

Binghao Chai1, Jianan Chen1, Paul Cool2,3, Fatine Oumlil1,4, Anna Tollitt4, David F Steiner5, Tapabrata Chakraborti1,6, Adrienne M Flanagan1,4
1Research Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
2The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Gobowen, Oswestry, UK.
3Keele University, Keele, UK.
4Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK.
5Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA.
6The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK.
PubMed PMC DOI PDF

Abstract

Histopathological analysis is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis and prognostication of cancer. Recent advances in AI, driven by large-scale digitisation and pan-cancer foundation models, are opening new opportunities for clinical integration. However, it remains unclear how robust these foundation models are to real-world sources of variability, particularly in H&E staining and scanne…

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