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J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob2025;4(4):100515.November 1, 2025Journal Article

Type 2 immune responses are associated with less severe COVID-19 in a hospitalized cohort.

Naresh Doni Jayavelu1, Jingjing Qi2, Carly E Milliren3, Al Ozonoff3, Shanshan Liu3, Ofer Levy4, Lindsey R Baden5, Esther Melamed6, Grace A McComsey7, Charles B Cairns8, Joanna Schaenman9, Albert C Shaw10, David A Hafler10, David B Corry11, Farrah Kheradmand11, Mark A Atkinson12, Scott C Brakenridge12, Nelson I Agudelo Higuita13, Jordan P Metcalf13, Catherine L Hough14, William B Messer14, Bali Pulendran15, Kari C Nadeau15, Mark M Davis15, Linda N Geng15, Ana Fernandez Sesma2, Viviana Simon2, Florian Krammer2, Chris Bime16, Carolyn S Calfee17, Steven E Bosinger18, Walter Eckalbar17, Hanno Steen4, Holden T Maecker15, , Alison D Augustine5, Joann Diray-Arce3, Elias K Haddad8, Rafick-Pierre Sekaly7, Monica Kraft16, Prescott G Woodruff17, David J Erle17, Lauren I R Ehrlich6, Ruth R Montgomery10, Patrice M Becker5, Matthew C Altman1, Slim Fourati7
1Benaroya Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
2Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
3Clinical and Data Coordinating Center (CDCC), Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
4Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
5National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md.
6University of Texas, Austin, Ga.
7Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio.
8Drexel University, Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.
9David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Palo.
10Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
11Baylor College of Medicine and the Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, Tex.
12University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
13Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Okla.
14Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Ore.
15Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.
16University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
17University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
18Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.
PubMed PMC DOI PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread rapidly after its identification in December 2019 to cause a global pandemic. The respiratory tract is the primary site of infection, and there is a large range in the severity of respiratory illnesses caused by the virus. Defining molecular and cellular factors for protection from severe disease…

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